Human Factors in Safety: Types, Examples, and Solutions

SOL-X Human Factors in Safety

In the world of work, problems that occur due to human factors are common. After all, we are not robots, and we can make judgment errors when making a decision. Human limitations mean that such errors are more common than you might think. However, while they are natural, it’s a problem when the number becomes so high that accidents keep happening in the workplace.

In fact, according to SOL-X, 66% of all incidents and casualties are caused by human factors. That’s why understanding human factors is so important for employers. Improving overall system performance is about managing such errors, especially in hazardous industries where a risk of human error can lead to severe consequences.

The good news is that human factors can be managed with the right technology, which is key for hazardous industries. When you have suitable technology in place, you can protect your workers’ health and safety. Let’s assess examples of human factors in safety and solutions that work.

What are Human Factors?

Simply put, human factors are conditions that affect an employee’s interaction with their workplace, equipment, work procedures, or even their team. These conditions might arise from physical, psychological, or social reasons, but ultimately, they affect employees’ human abilities to perform their work safely.

What are Examples of Human Factors?

Human Factors Principles - Human Characteristics

From the above definition, it’s clear that people, management, and workplaces contribute to human factors. Let’s take a look at specific examples of these factors:

  • People: Your employee’s knowledge, abilities and limitations, and expectations will affect how they interact with others around them. Their individual differences such as their age and culture, also matter. If employees are stressed or distracted, these are predictors that safety performance might be affected.
  • Management: The overarching organizational factors, such as management systems, also play an essential role. Managerial policies and decisions about the job design as well as how the information is communicated to the employee, will also impact human factors. This means that safety professionals must consider things such as work schedule, workload, task design, and requirements, besides written and spoken communications to convey instructions and data to employees.
  • Work environments: Finally, work environments also affect safety in the workplace. The facilities, workstation configuration and accessibility, as well as workplace controls, warning systems, and other physical aspects that affect human well-being such as noise, temperature, and heat exposure all matter. Human factors specialists must consider workplace and employment design together while assessing the work environment.

How Do Human Factors Affect Workplace Safety?

Human Factors in Safety - human performance affects workplace safety in maritime environment

The maritime and oil & gas industries are high-risk environments. The workers who operate in this field are exposed to various hazards, from extreme temperatures to the possibility of explosions. As such, companies in this field must have rigorous safety procedures in place to account for human factors.

Human factors affect workplace safety because it leads to severe external consequences.

Human factors are one of the most significant factors affecting workplace safety in this industry. The critical word to recognize in “human factors” is “human”. Humans make mistakes. Unfortunately, the price of human error is quite high. In October 2020, for example, an admin error by the Public Health of England caused nearly 16,000 COVID-19 cases to go unreported. In healthcare safety, it is estimated that the global cost of medication error is US$42 billion annually. The fact is that everyone is human, and those human mistakes come with major costs in safety.

In the maritime industry, human factors cause severe casualties, leading to collisions, stranded ships, and even fire. Research shows that 80 per cent of maritime casualties are caused by human factors which lead to collisions, and collisions account for 85 per cent of maritime casualties. The collision among ships may cause damage to not only ships but also cargo.

According to researchers (Mengwei, 2020), some human factors include fatigue which cause many driving accidents, the breakdown of machines, lack of professional knowledge, and negligence of potential risks. All these lead to an unavoidable collision.

While it is difficult to establish a correlation as to which human factors lead to what type of consequences, suffice to say that such collisions have brought about disastrous consequences on the environment as well as negative effects on quality of life. In 1990, the Changjiang 0802 fleet collided with the Chongqing fleet, capsizing other ships and leaking concentrated sulfuric acid into the Yangtze River.

In 2018, the oil tanker Sanchi caused significant impacts on the environment. The tanker carried about 1 million barrels of condensate, and a collision spread the fuel into the East China Sea. This is a catastrophe for the marine environment.

Human factors impact safety since employees use experience rather than logic to judge the job

Another reason why human factors can be challenging to minimize is that risky behaviors are sometimes driven by experience.

Experience can prevent significant accidents because this process occurs intuitively and automatically and does not involve analytical, data-driven risk assessments. Each time the benefit is realized without a negative consequence, the behavior becomes automatic. But injuries can also occur when experience becomes a habit, influencing behavior. The act of doing in the workplace becomes careless when people think that the job is safe.

Indeed, a study found that injuries were 88 per cent more likely to occur in a perceived safe job than those considered the most dangerous. Secondly, when people make repeated choices that reward their risky behaviors, they tend to underestimate the actual risks. Finally, the study concludes that we tend to rely on intuitive responses to make decisions and act upon them between logic and intuition. This partially explains why just telling someone that a job is risky may have little influence on someone’s behavior.

Human factors impact safety due to complex environments with little information

Human factors also result from employees’ lack of awareness of what is happening in complex and dynamic operating environments. Safety systems and risk models often do not describe safety risks or environmental change.

An explosion at a Torrance, California, refinery in 2015 illustrates this problem. As the workers focused on completing the refinery shutdown, they became unaware of the changing environment around them. As a result, they neglected the importance of the critical safety barriers around them.

Many companies might also not understand all the hazards they have and the conditions of their safeguards to prevent an incident—especially company operations associated with infrequent modes of operations, like startups and shutdowns. When accidents happen, the impact goes beyond assessing safety performance. ARC Advisory Group estimates that the unplanned downtime on process industry revenue and profitability costs companies $1 trillion yearly.

How to Reduce Risks from Human Factors?

Human Factor Technology for Occupational Safety - tech by human factors specialist to reduce human errors

Adopting a system and technology approach is the way to reduce risks from human factors. This means understanding the strengths and limitations of humans. It also means studying the interaction of people with equipment, technology, systems, workplace, environment, etc. Lastly, safety professionals must evaluate and design better technology, systems, workplace, and environment.

Here are some solutions that can help you in a technology approach:

  1. Utilizing a Control Of Work System

A Control Of Work is a Safety Management System that ensures that hazardous job tasks, such as confined space entry or “hot work” like welding and brazing, do not occur unless and until they have been reviewed and authorized.

SOL-X’s Control Of Work can manage human factors by streamlining step-by-step smart safety workflows to improve compliance assurance, planning, and execution.

For example, when a worker is preparing a permit at crucial stages, he must enter location and time stamp verification like sign-offs in the system. The roles and approval controls are customized to various authority levels for specific workflows, using unique worker identification. It also allows for surveying real-time operations from the live dashboard. This provides a complete overview of cumulative risk and high-risk work activities. 

  1. Crew Protection System

A crew protection system helps companies to manage risk and enhance current safety systems by addressing low situational awareness, incomplete workers’ health and wellbeing data, and environmental exposure risk.

SOL-X’s Crew Protect can lower risks by providing crucial information on the working conditions, hazard exposure periods, ill health, and other work-related hazards faced by workers when detected by our SmartWatch. It also sends out Crew Assist alerts from their wearables when workers encounter difficulties performing their tasks or feel unwell, therefore alerting Responsible Authority.

Furthermore, it reinforces positive behavior by sending out GeoFence alerts on their wearables so workers will avoid hazardous zones.

Solutions to Manage Human Factors

Human factors can add significant time pressures to your workflow when not managed well. To find out more about how human factors can impact your workplace safety, read our whitepaper to find out more.

If you want to know how to better enhance your existing systems, see our SOL-X Behavior Based management systems and how our smart wearables work together to create a safe working environment.

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Last Updated: 29 June 2022

MAGELLAN X PTE. LTD.
PRIVACY POLICY

Magellan X Pte. Ltd., its subsidiaries and affiliates (“Magellan X”, “we”, “our” and/or “us”), are committed to safeguarding the Personal Information of our customers, vendors and users (“User” and/or “you”) who visit our website (“Website”). This privacy policy (“Privacy Policy”) sets out the ways in we collect your Personal Information, the purposes for which we use it and the instances where we share it with other individuals and organisations. “Personal Information” means any information relating to an identified or identifiable individual.

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This Privacy Policy is intended to explain our privacy practices and covers the following areas:

  1. What Personal Information about you we may collect;
  2. How we may use your Personal Information;
  3. How we protect your Personal Information;
  4. Contacting us and your rights to access and update your Personal Information; and
  5. How changes to this Privacy Policy and the Cookie Policy will be made.

This Privacy Policy applies to the activities for which Magellan X is a “data controller” which means that Magellan X decides why and how Personal Information is processed. Magellan X may also process User’s Personal Information as a “data processor” in the context of the services we provide to our customers. When we process Personal Information on behalf of our customers, customers determine “why” and “how” the Personal Information is processed. To learn more about the processing of your Personal Information in this context, please refer to their respective privacy policies.

If you are based in the European Economic Area (“EEA”) or the United Kingdom (“UK”) during your interactions with us (other than solely for travel purposes), the laws in those countries require us to provide you with additional information about our processing activities. We have included this information in the European Appendix.

1. Personal Information we may collect about you

We will collect and process all or some of the following Personal Information about you:

1.1 Personal Information you provide to us ► Personal Information that you provide to us, such as when using the contact form on our Website, including your name, email address, other contact details;

1.2 Personal Information you provide when applying for a role at Magellan X► if you apply for a role at Magellan X through the Website, we may collect, where permitted by law and appropriate, your CV or résumé and contact details. We may also undertake criminal records or financial probity checks or other independent searches to assess your suitability for the position where permitted by, and in accordance with, applicable laws;

1.3 Our correspondence ► if you contact us, we will typically keep a record of that correspondence;

1.4  Your feedback ► we may ask you for feedback from time to time, that we use to help us to improve our service; and

1.5 Website and communication usage ► details of your visits to our Website and Personal Information collected through cookies and other tracking technologies including, but not limited to, your IP address and domain name, your browser version and operating system, information about your device, traffic data, location data, web logs and other communication data, and the resources that you access.

2. How We Use Your Personal Information

In this section, we set out the purposes for which we collect, process, store and use Personal Information described above:

2.1 To communicate effectively with you and conduct our business ► to conduct our business, including to respond to your queries, to otherwise communicate with you, or to carry out our obligations arising from any agreements entered into between you and us;

2.2 To assess your application for a role at Magellan X ► to assess your application prior to entering into an employment contract with us and pursuant to laws to which Magellan X is subject (e.g. in relation to equal opportunities). This processing is a necessary pre-condition of entering into any future contract with you and for Magellan X to fulfil its employment duties with respect to other employees and you (should you be employed by Magellan X). If you are unable to provide us with the Personal Information we request for this purpose, we may be unable to assess your appropriateness for the job applied for or to communicate with you.

2.3 To provide you with marketing materials ► to provide you with updates and offers, where you have chosen to receive these. We may also use your Personal Information for marketing our own products and services to you by post, email, and phone and, where required by law, we will ask for your consent at the time we collect your data to conduct any of these types of marketing.  We will provide an option to unsubscribe or opt-out of further communication on any electronic marketing communication sent to you or you may opt out by contacting us as set out in the “Contacting Us” Section 4.2 below.

2.4 For research and development purposes ► to analyse your Personal Information in order to better understand your and our clients’ business and marketing requirements, to better understand our business and develop our products and services;

2.5 To monitor certain activities ► to monitor queries and transactions to ensure service quality, compliance with procedures and to combat fraud;

2.6 To inform you of changes ► to notify you about changes to our services and products;

2.7 To ensure website content is relevant ► to ensure that content from our websites is presented in the most effective manner for you and for your device, which may include passing your data to business partners, suppliers and/or service providers;

2.8 To re-organise or make changes to our business ► in the event that we: (i) are subject to negotiations for the sale of our business or part thereof to a third party; (ii) are sold to a third party; or (iii) undergo a re-organisation, we may need to transfer some or all of your Personal Information to the relevant third party (or its advisors) as part of any due diligence process for the purpose of analysing any proposed sale or re-organisation. We may also need to transfer your Personal Information to that re-organised entity or third party after the sale or reorganisation for them to use for the same purposes as set out in this Privacy Policy.

2.9 In connection with legal or regulatory obligations ► We may process your Personal Information to comply with our regulatory requirements or dialogue with regulators as applicable which may include disclosing your Personal Information to third parties, the court service and/or regulators or law enforcement agencies in  connection  with  enquiries, proceedings or investigations by such parties anywhere in the world or where compelled to do so.  Where permitted, we will generally direct any such request to you or notify you before responding unless to do so would prejudice the prevention or detection of a crime.

3. Transmission, storage and security of your Personal Information

3.1 Security over the Internet

No data transmission over the Internet or website can be guaranteed to be secure from intrusion. However, we maintain commercially reasonable physical, electronic and procedural safeguards to protect your Personal Information in accordance with applicable privacy and data protection laws.

All Personal Information you provide to us is stored on our or our subcontractors’ secure servers and accessed and used subject to applicable security policies and standards.

3.2 Sharing Your Personal Information

We may disclose Personal Information for the purposes we explain in this notice to service providers, contractors, agents, advisors (e.g. legal, financial, business or other advisors) that perform activities on our behalf and to other third parties in connection with our legal and regulatory obligations (as described above).

Our Website may contain links to other third-party websites. If you follow a link to any of those third-party websites, please note that they have their own privacy policies and that we do not accept any responsibility or liability for their policies or processing of your Personal Information.  Please check these policies before you submit any Personal Information to such third-party websites.

3.3 Export to other countries

Your Personal Information may be accessed by staff or suppliers in, transferred to, and/or stored at, a destination outside the country in which you are located, whose data protection laws may be of a lower standard than those in your country. We will, in all circumstances, safeguard Personal Information as set out in this Privacy Policy.

3.4 Retention of Personal Information

Our retention periods for Personal Information are based on business needs and legal requirements. We retain Personal Information for as long as is necessary for the processing purpose(s) for which the Personal information was collected, and any other permissible, related purpose. For example, we may retain certain transaction details and correspondence until the time limit for claims arising from the transaction has expired, or to comply with regulatory requirements regarding the retention of such data. When Personal Information is no longer needed, we either irreversibly anonymise the data (and we may further retain and use the anonymised information) or securely destroy the data.

4. Your Rights and Contacting Us 

4.1 Updating Personal information

We will use reasonable endeavours to ensure that your Personal Information is accurate. In order to assist us with this, you may notify us of any changes to the Personal Information that you have provided to us by contacting us as set out in the “Contacting Us” Section 4.2 below.

4.2 Contacting Us

If you have any questions in relation to this Privacy Policy, please contact our data protection officer at info@magellanx.co or write to us at: 83 Clemenceau Avenue, #17-05/08, UE Square Singapore 239920.

4.3 Changes to our Privacy Policy

We may change the content of our Website and how we use your Personal Information from time to time. If we change this Privacy Policy, we will update the date it was last changed below.  If these changes are material, we will indicate this clearly on our Website.

European Appendix

The European Appendix to this Privacy Policy applies if you are based in the EEA or the UK during your interactions with us (other than solely for travel purposes) and Magellan X processes your Personal Information as a data controller.

It sets out the additional information that we are required to provide you under European data protection law (“EU DP Law”), including information about rights that you have in relation to your Personal Information that we handle.

Why we collect your data, and who we disclose it to

Under EU DP Law, we are required to inform you of the “lawful bases” on which we rely to process your Personal Information. Below we set out the purposes for which we collect and use Personal Information and the “lawful bases” that we use for each of the purposes mentioned in Section 2 of this Privacy Policy. You can find an explanation of each of the grounds relied on below:

EU Use Bases Table

Processing activity

Reference to Privacy Policy

Lawful bases

Purpose for which we collect and use personal information

To communicate effectively with you and conduct our business

2.1

–  contract performance

–  legitimate interests

(to enable us to perform our obligations and provide our services to you)

To assess your application for a role at Magellan X

2.2

–  contract performance

–  legal obligations

–  legitimate interests

(to enable us to fulfil our employment duties with respect to other employees and you (should you be employed by Magellan X))

To provide you with marketing materials about Magellan X’s products and services

2.3

–  consent

–  legitimate interest

(to keep you updated with news in relation to our products and services)

For research and development purposes

2.4

–  legitimate interests

(to allow us to improve our products and services)

To monitor certain activities

2.5

–  legal obligations

–  legal claims

–  legitimate interests

(to ensure that the quality and legality of our services)

To inform you of changes

2.6

–  legitimate interests

(to notify you about changes to our products and services)

To ensure website content is relevant

2.7

–  legitimate interests

(to allow us to provide you with the content and services on the websites)

To re-organise or make changes to our business

2.8

–  legitimate interests

(in order to allow us to change our business)

For compliance, including enforcing our rights, or as may be required by applicable laws and regulations or requested by any judicial process or governmental agency

2.9

–  legal obligations

–  legal claims

–  legitimate interests

(to defend, prosecute or make a claim against you, to cooperate with law enforcement and regulatory authorities)

 

Use Bases

These are the principal legal grounds that justify our use of your Personal Information:

Consent: where you have consented to our use of your Personal Information (you will have been presented with consent language in relation to any such use), You have the right to withdraw any consent you previously provided to us regarding the processing of your Personal Information, at any time and free of charge.  We will apply your preferences going forward and this will not affect the lawfulness of the processing before your consent withdrawal. You may withdraw your consent by contacting us as set out in Section 4.2 (Contacting Us) of this Privacy Policy.

Contract performance: where your Personal Information is necessary to enter into or perform our contract with you.

Legal obligation: where we need to use your Personal Information to comply with our legal obligations.

Legitimate interests: where we or a third party have a legitimate interest in using your Personal Information. We only rely on our or a third party’s legitimate interests to process your Personal Information when these interests are not overridden by your rights and interests.

Legal claims: where your information is necessary for us to defend, prosecute or make a claim against you, us or a third party.

Where applicable, we indicate whether and why you must provide us with your Personal Information, as well as the consequences of failing to do so. If you do not provide Personal Information when requested, you may not be able to benefit from our service if that information is necessary to provide you with it or if we are legally required to collect it.

Export outside the EEA

Your Personal Information may be accessed by staff or suppliers in, transferred to, and/or stored at, a destination outside the country in which you are located, including Singapore, whose data protection laws may be of a lower standard than those in your country. We will, in all circumstances, safeguard Personal Information as set out in this Privacy Policy.

Where we transfer Personal Information from inside the EEA to outside the EEA, we may be required to take specific additional measures to safeguard the relevant Personal Information. Certain countries outside the EEA have been approved by the European Commission as providing essentially equivalent protections to EEA data protection laws and therefore no additional safeguards are required to export Personal Information to these jurisdictions (please see the full list here: https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/international-dimension-data-protection/adequacy-decisions_en). In countries which have not had these approvals, we will establish legal grounds justifying such transfer, such as EU Commission-approved model contractual clauses, or other legal grounds permitted by applicable legal requirements.

Please contact us as set out in Section 4.2 (Contacting Us) of this Privacy Policy if you would like to see a copy of the specific safeguards applied to the export of your Personal Information.

Your Additional Rights

If you have any questions in relation to our use of your Personal Information, you should first contact us as Section 4.2 (Contacting Us) of this Privacy Policy. Under EU DP Law, you may have the following additional rights in relation to your personal information to those set out in this Privacy Policy. Under certain conditions, you may have the right to require us to:

  • provide you with further details on the use we make of your information;
  • provide you with a copy of information that you have provided to us;
  • update any inaccuracies in the Personal Information we hold (please see Section 4.2 of this Privacy Policy);
  • delete any Personal Information the we no longer have a lawful ground to use;
  • where processing is based on consent, to withdraw your consent so that we stop that particular processing (please see Section 2.3 of this Privacy Policy in relation to marketing);
  • to ask us to transmit the Personal Information you have provided to us and we still hold about you to a third party electronically;
  • object to any processing based on the legitimate interests ground unless our reasons for undertaking that processing outweigh any prejudice to your data protection rights; and
  • restrict how we use your Personal Information whilst a complaint is being investigated.

Your exercise of these rights is subject to certain exemptions to safeguard the public interest (e.g. the prevention or detection of crime) and our interests (e.g. the maintenance of legal privilege).  If you exercise any of these rights, we will check your entitlement and respond in most cases within a month.

If you are not satisfied with our use of your Personal Information or our response to any exercise of these rights you have the right to lodge a complaint with a data protection regulator in your country of residence, place of work or where an incident took place.

Contacting Us

If you have queries about any part of this European Appendix, please contact us as set out in Section 4.2 (Contacting Us) of this Privacy Policy.

If after contacting us you do not feel that we have adequately addressed your concerns, you may contact the data protection regulator in your country (the EEA data protection regulators are listed here: https://edpb.europa.eu/about-edpb/about-edpb/members_en).

Last Updated: 29 June 2022

MAGELLAN X PTE. LTD.
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